[90-1 USTC ¶50,331] Metropolitan National Bank, James M. Oberlies and Rob ert F. Ryan, Plaintiff-Appellees v. United States of America , Defendant-Appellant

(CA-5), U.S. Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit, 89-4710, Summary Calendar, 5/30/90 , 901 F2d 1297, 901 F2d 1297. Reversing and remanding a District Court decision, 90-1 USTC ¶50,330 , 716 F.Supp. 946

[Code Secs. 6323 and 7425 ]

Federal tax liens: Deed of trust: State law.--Tax liens filed by the government against three parcels of land owned by the taxpayer were not subordinate to the bank's interest. The district court erroneously ruled that the government's lien was not entitled to priority over the bank's interest because under state ( Mississippi ) law the bank held equitable title to the property by virtue of a defective deed of trust, and the government had actual notice of the equitable title. However, the record did not support this fact and, under state law, the bank's interest in the property under a defectively acknowledged deed of trust was not protected against a subsequent judgment creditor. The holding that the tax lien was extinguished in the nonjudicial foreclosure sale of the property was based on an erroneous conclusion that the tax liens were junior to the bank's liens. The judgment of the district court was reversed and the case remanded for further proceedings.

Woodrow W. Pringle III, 1919 23rd Ave. , Gulfport , Miss. 39501 , for plaintiff-appellees. George Phillips, United States Attorney, Washington, D.C., Gary R. Allen, Kimberly Stanley, William S. Estabrook, Department of Justice, Washington, D.C. 20530, for defendant-appellant.

Before POLITZ, GARWOOD, and JOLLY, Circuit Judges.

JOLLY, Circuit Judge:

The United States appeals from the district court's judgment holding that the United States' perfected tax lien, filed against three parcels of real property owned by the taxpayer, Weaver & Sons, Inc., was not entitled to priority over the interests claimed in the property by the appellees, Metropolitan National Bank (the "Bank"), James M. Oberlies, and Rob ert E. Ryan. [90-1 USTC ¶50,330 ] 716 F.Supp. 946. We hold that the appellees were not entitled to priority under section 6323(a) of the Internal Revenue Code, and we therefore reverse the judgment of the district court and remand the case for further proceedings.

I

The facts were stipulated by the parties. On February 23, 1978, Weaver & Sons, Inc. (the "taxpayer"), by its president, S. Albert Weaver, executed a deed of trust in favor of First State Bank and Trust, the predecessor of appellee Metropolitan National Bank. The deed of trust recited that the taxpayer was indebted to the Bank in the amount of $400,000, and listed certain real property owned by the taxpayer located in Gulfport , Mississippi , as security for the indebtedness. The deed of trust designated Rob ert L. Taylor as trustee for the lender, and Rob ert L. Taylor, in his capacity as a notary public, acknowledged the signature of the grantor's president. The deed of trust was filed and recorded by the Chancery Clerk's office in Harrison County , Mississippi on February 24, 1978 .

On February 23, March 2, March 9, March 16, and June 2, 1987 , assessments were made against the taxpayer for unpaid federal withholding, Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA), and Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) taxes. Notices of the federal tax liens resulting from these assessments were enrolled with the Harrison County Chancery Clerk's office on May 7 and August 27,1987 . The unpaid balance of these assessments totaled $195,621.61, plus interest and statutory additions to tax.

The taxpayer defaulted in payment of its obligation to the Bank, and subsequently filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition. Although none of the papers relating to the taxpayer's bankruptcy are contained in the record before us, the appellees' brief states that the taxpayer's bankruptcy petition was filed on August 19, 1987 and that the Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") filed a proof of claim dated November 24, 1987 . At the time the taxpayer defaulted, it owed $268,833.55 on the loan secured by the deed of trust.

On March 8, 1988 , the taxpayer executed a corrected deed of trust in favor of the Bank's predecessor institution in the amount of $400,000, secured by the subject property. The corrected deed of trust was properly acknowledged and recorded in the Harrison County Chancery Clerk's office on March 9, 1988 .

The bankruptcy court lifted the automatic stay, authorizing the Bank to repossess and foreclose upon the subject property. Notices of foreclosure were posted in the county courthouse, published in the local newspaper, and sent to the IRS by certified mail. A nonjudicial foreclosure sale was held on April 19, 1988 , at which the Bank, for $103,600, and appellee Rob ert E. Ryan, for $31,000, each purchased a portion of the subject property. Thereafter, the Bank conveyed a portion of the property it had purchased in the foreclosure sale to appellee James M. Oberlies. The IRS took no action to stop the foreclosure, or to prevent the sale of the property to the Bank or to Ryan and Oberlies.

II

The appellees brought this action against the United States under 28 U.S.C. §2410, seeking to quiet title to the property. The United States counterclaimed, joining the taxpayer as an additional defendant, seeking to foreclose its federal tax liens against the subject property and to collect $195,621.65, the outstanding tax liability of the taxpayer. On cross motions for summary judgment, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the appellees. The district court held that the original deed of trust was improperly acknowledged and that, even though the deed of trust was recorded, because the defect in the acknowledgment was apparent on the face of the deed, the recordation of the deed did not provide constructive notice to subsequent creditors that the property was encumbered. Nevertheless, the court held that, even though the deed was improperly acknowledged and should not have been recorded, the deed "provided actual notice to anyone who cared to review the records of the Chancery Clerk." The district court did not hold, however, that agents of the United States had in fact reviewed the county records prior to filing the notices of federal tax liens against the taxpayer, or that the United States possessed any information sufficient to place it on "inquiry notice" of the deed. Finally, the district court concluded that the United States ' tax lien was not entitled to priority over the Bank's interest because, under state law, the Bank held equitable title to the property by virtue of the original defective deed of trust, and the United States had actual notice of such equitable title. Thus, when the Bank foreclosed upon the property in the non-judicial sale, the district court held that the United States ' junior tax lien was extinguished under the provisions of Internal Revenue Code section 7425(b) . The United States appeals.

III

A

Under 26 U.S.C. §6321 , the amount of a delinquent taxpayer's liability constitutes a lien in favor of the United States upon all of the taxpayer's property and rights to property, whether real or personal. The lien imposed by §6321 is effective from the date of assessment of the tax, and continues until the liability is satisfied or becomes unenforceable by reason of lapse of time. 26 U.S.C. §6322 . The question whether and to what extent a taxpayer has "property" or "rights to property" to which the tax lien attaches is determined under the applicable state law. United States v. Rodgers [83-1 USTC ¶9374 ], 461 U.S. 677,683, 103 S.Ct. 2132, 2137, 76 L.Ed.2d 236 (1983). It is undisputed in this case that the taxpayer owned, or had rights to, the subject property to which the federal tax liens attached.

Once it has been determined under state law that the taxpayer owns property or rights to property, federal law controls for the purpose of determining whether an attached tax lien has priority over competing liens asserted against the taxpayer's property. Rodgers, 461 U.S. at 683, 103 S.Ct. at 2137 "When a third party also claims a lien interest in the taxpayer's property, the basic priority rule of 'first in time, first in right' controls, unless Congress has created a different priority rule to govern the particular situation." Texas Commerce Bank-Fort Worth, N.A. v. United States [90-1 USTC ¶50,155 ], 896 F.2d 152 (5th Cir. 1990). Section 6323 of the Internal Revenue Code, as amended by the Federal Tax Lien Act of 1966, governs the validity and priority of federal tax liens imposed by §6321 against "certain persons." The appellees rely on the special priority rules of subsection (a) of §6323 , which provides, in pertinent part, that a federal tax lien shall not be valid against any "holder of a security interest" until notice of the tax lien has been filed. Thus, the respective priorities with respect to federal tax liens and competing claims that are protected under §6323(a) are dependent upon which claim is perfected "first in time." Both parties agree that, if the Bank was a "holder of a security interest" at the time the United States filed its federal tax liens, the appellees' interests are entitled to priority over the federal tax liens and that the tax liens were thus extinguished in the foreclosure sale.

The definition of "security interest" is found in 26 U.S.C. §6323(h)(1) :

The term "security interest" means any interest in property acquired by contract for the purpose of securing payment or performance of an obligation or indemnifying against loss or liability.

A security interest exists only when the lienholder satisfies two requirements:

(A) if, at such time the property is in existence and the interest has become protected under local law against a subsequent judgment lien arising out of an unsecured obligation, and (B) to the extent that, at such time, the holder has parted with money or money's worth.

Because the subject property is in existence and the Bank parted with money in return for the deed of trust, the Bank's interest in the subject property by virtue of the original deed of trust is entitled to priority over the subsequently filed federal tax lien under §6323(a) if, as a result of filing the original deed of trust, the Bank is "protected under local law against a subsequent judgment lien arising out of an unsecured obligation." 26 U.S.C. §6323(h)(1) . The United States argues that the district court erred in holding that the Bank is a "holder of a security interest" within the meaning of §6323(a) because the Bank's interest was not protected under Mississippi law against a subsequent judgment lien arising out of an unsecured obligation, and thus, there was no security interest in existence, within the meaning of §6323(h)(1) ,at the time of the filing of the federal tax liens.

B

Because the corrected deed of trust was not filed until after the federal tax liens were filed, the issue before us is whether the Bank held an interest under the original deed of trust that was protected under Mississippi law against a subsequent judgment lien arising out of an unsecured obligation.

Under §6323(h)(1) , a security interest exists only if "the interest is protected under local law against a subsequent judgment lien arising out of an unsecured obligation." The House Committee Report states with reference to §6323(h)(1) that:

[A] security interest becomes protected against a subsequent judgment lien on the date on which all actions required under local law to establish the priority of the security interest against such a judgment lien have been taken, or, if later, the date on which all such actions are deemed effective, under local law, to establish such priority.

H.R. Rep. No. 1884, 89th Cong., 2d Sess. 49 (1966).

As we explain below, our examination of the relevant Mississippi cases and statutes convinces us that the Bank's interest under the original deed of trust would not have been entitled to protection against a subsequent judgment lien arising out of an unsecured obligation unless such a judgment lien creditor had actual notice or knowledge of the defectively acknowledged deed of trust. ¹

(1)

Under Mississippi law, all deeds of trust are "void as to all creditors and subsequent purchasers for a valuable consideration without notice, unless they be acknowledged or proved and lodged with the clerk of the chancery court of the proper county, to be recorded . . . ." Miss.Code Ann. §89 -5-3 (1972). "But as between the parties and their heirs, and as to all subsequent purchasers with notice or without valuable consideration, said instruments shall nevertheless be valid and binding." Id. In Burkett v. Peoples Bank of Biloxi, 225 Miss. 291, 294, 83 So.2d 185, 187 (1955), the Mississippi Supreme Court held that this statute "applies with as much force to a creditor obtaining a lien by judgment as it does to a subsequent purchaser or encumbrancer; and creditors without notice and subsequent purchasers for value without notice are on the same footing and are protected to the same extent."

A deed of trust is not eligible for recordation unless it is properly acknowledged, and an instrument that does not contain a proper acknowledgment does not impart constructive notice to creditors or bona fide purchasers, pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. §89 -3-1 (1972):

[A] written instrument of or concerning the sale of lands . . . shall not be admitted to record in the clerk's office unless the execution thereof be first acknowledged or proved, and the acknowledgment or proof duly certified by an officer competent to take the same in the manner directed by this chapter; and any such instrument which is admitted to record without such acknowledgment or proof shall not be notice to creditors or subsequent purchasers for valuable consideration.

It is undisputed, and the district court correctly held, that the original deed of trust dated February 23, 1978 was improperly acknowledged by the trustee named in the deed. See Holden v. Brimage, 72 Miss. 228, 229-30, 18 So. 383, 383 (1894) (an acknowledgment to a trust deed taken before an officer who is himself trustee therein, with power to sell to pay debts, is void and does not entitle the deed to be recorded). Under Mississippi law neither a grantee designated by a deed of trust, nor the trustee designated to act for the grantee, can properly acknowledge a deed of trust.

Under Mississippi law, the taking of an acknowledgment is a judicial or quasi-judicial rather than a ministerial act, and . . . this act cannot be performed by a grantee in the deed, or by one who, though not a grantee, is the procuring cause of the conveyance or has a financial or beneficial interest in the transaction . . . .

It would be against public policy to permit a grantee, mortgagee, or trustee, or other person beneficially interested in the transaction to take an acknowledgment to an instrument in which he is named as a party or has a beneficial interest. The object of the law is to prevent the perpetration of fraud, and the policy of the law seems to be that the officer taking the acknowledgment must not be in such relationship to the grantee that there shall exist any temptation for the officer to do aught but his duty impartially.

Mills v. Damson Oil Corp., 686 F.2d 1096, 1102-03 (5th Cir.1982) (quoting 1 Delvin on Real Estate and Deeds, §477d (3d Ed. 1911)). The acknowledgment taken by the trustee in this case was thus void. ² Jones v. Porter, 59 Miss. 628 (1882) (where the acknowledgment of a grantor was taken by the husband of the grantee, who was the procuring cause of the conveyance, the acknowledgment was void). Because the acknowledgment was void, the deed of trust was not eligible for recordation and, even though the deed was recorded, it nevertheless did not impart constructive notice to creditors under Miss.Code Ann. §89 -3-1. See also Holden v. Brimage, 72 Miss. at 229-30, 18 So. at 383; Wasson v. Connor 54 Miss. 351, 352-53 (1877) (where grantee acknowledged grantor's signature, "[t]he deed never having been legally acknowledged, [it] was, of course, improperly recorded, and it afforded notice to nobody").

In Mills v. Damson Oil Corp., this court stated that "[i]t is well settled in Mississippi that constructive notice is not imparted to bona fide purchasers by recording a defectively acknowledged deed." 686 F.2d at 1103-04 (citing Ligon v. Barton, 88 Miss. 135, 40 So. 555 (1906); Elmslie v. Thurman, 87 Miss. 537, 40 So. 67 (1905); Smith v. McIntosh, 176 Miss. 725, 170 So. 303 (1936)). The court noted, however, that the cited cases, as well as most of the other cases that describe the nature of the defect involved, concern patent defects, i.e., "defects which are apparent on the face of the acknowledgment." Mills, 686 F.2d at 1104. The defect in Mills was "entirely latent" because there was "nothing in the deed or its acknowledgment to indicate that the named grantee, Lurline Daws, and S.B. Daws, who took the acknowledgment, were related to each other, or, indeed, that either was married." Id. Because only one Mississippi case, Roebuck v. Bailey, 176 Miss. 234, 166 So. 358 (1936), discussed the effect of a latent defect in an acknowledgment on bona fide purchasers, and because in that case the Mississippi court recognized a potential distinction between latently and patently defective acknowledgments, this court certified the following question to the Mississippi Supreme Court:

Whether a defectively acknowledged and recorded deed imparts constructive notice if the defect in the acknowledgment is entirely latent?

Mills, 686 F.2d at 1114. The Mississippi Supreme Court answered "yes." Mills v. Damson Oil Corp., 437 So.2d 1005, 1006 ( Miss. 1983).

Nothing in the Mississippi Supreme Court's answer to the certified question in Mills casts any doubt on the cases involving defectively acknowledged deeds in which the defects are patent. Those cases hold that the recording of such defectively acknowledged deeds does not impart constructive notice to bona fide purchasers. See Mills, 686 F.2d at 1103-04 and cases cited therein; see also Cotton v. McConnell, 435 So.2d 683 (Miss. 1983) (a deed with a defective acknowledgment is not eligible for recordation, and is not effective as to third parties, under §89 -3-1, but it is wholly effective between the parties to it). The original deed of trust in this case names Rob ert L. Taylor as trustee, and Rob ert L. Taylor acknowledged the signature of the grantor. Thus, it is clear that the defect in the acknowledgment is patent, and the district court correctly held that the deed did not give constructive notice to subsequent bona fide purchasers and creditors. We therefore conclude that, under Mississippi law, the recordation of the defectively acknowledged deed of trust did not impart constructive notice, and thus did not protect the Bank's interest under the deed of trust against a subsequent judgment lien creditor in the absence of actual notice to such a subsequent judgment lien creditor.

(2)

The district court held that, although the recordation of the defective deed did not impart constructive notice, it could impart actual notice "to anyone who cared to review the records of the Chancery Clerk." The district court then held that the United States did have actual notice, apparently because IRS agents could have discovered the deed by reviewing the county land records. The United States argues that the district court's holding that the United States had actual notice of the deed is unsupported by the record, and contends that the district court confused the notion of constructive notice with actual notice in its holding that actual notice is imparted to third parties by the mere recordation of a defective deed of trust.

Under Mississippi law, a prior deed, whether recorded or unrecorded, is good against a subsequent purchaser or creditor with actual notice of it. Dixon & Sharkey v. Lacoste, 9 Miss. 70, 107 (1843). In addition, a recorded deed that is not acknowledged is valid against "one who sees upon the record and reads an instrument improperly recorded, because not acknowledged or proved as required by law." Woods v. Garnett, 72 Miss. 78, 16 So. 390, 391 (1894). In order to have "actual notice," a party must be "aware of the nature and purposes of the deed." Bass v. Estill, 50 Miss. 300, 306 (1874). Actual notice is defined by Black's Law Dictionary (5th ed. 1979) as "such notice as is positively proved to have been given to a party directly and personally, or such as he is presumed to have received personally because the evidence within his knowledge was sufficient to put him upon inquiry."

The appellees contend, and the district court held, that the United States had actual notice because the deed was recorded and could have been located had the United States searched the records. This argument confuses the concepts of actual notice and constructive notice. The mere recording of a deed does not provide actual notice to strangers to a transaction who are not in possession of facts that would place them on inquiry notice. Rather, the primary purpose of recording is to impart constructive notice.

The appellees contend, however, that the United States had a "duty to inquire" because its agents had knowledge of sufficient facts to place it upon inquiry notice to check the title to the subject property. "Inquiry notice," as recognized in Mississippi , arises when a party has actual notice or knowledge of facts that would lead a reasonably prudent person to question the sufficiency of title to property. E.g., Burkett v. Peoples Bank of Biloxi , 225 Miss. 291, 83 So.2d 185, 188 (1955). A party who has inquiry notice "is charged with notice of all those facts which could or would be disclosed by a diligent and careful investigation." Id. Under Mississippi law, a party is not on inquiry notice from the mere recordation of a deed evidencing an interest in property. C&D Investment Co. v. Gulf Transport Co., 526 So.2d 526, 530 ( Miss. 1988).

In support of their position that the United States had a duty to inquire, the appellees argue, without any citation of authority, that the fact that the taxpayer had not paid its taxes should have provided notice to the United States that the title to any property owned by the taxpayer would be subject to other liens or problems. We disagree. The fact that the taxpayer was delinquent in its federal tax obligations created no inferences concerning the taxpayer's title to any particular property and falls short of the type of information necessary to place the United States on inquiry notice. We also reject the appellees' argument that the taxpayer's filing of a petition in bankruptcy should have led the United States to conduct an investigation that would have resulted in the discovery of the Bank's deed of trust. We need not consider whether the taxpayer's filing of its bankruptcy petition was sufficient to put the IRS on inquiry notice because the record contains absolutely no factual support for the appellees' argument. For example, the record does not indicate when the United States received notice of the filing of the bankruptcy petition, or whether it received such notice prior to the filing of its federal tax liens.

We conclude that the record does not support the district court's holding that the United States had actual notice of the defective deed of trust. The record contains no evidence indicating that the United States was aware of the deed of trust prior to the time it filed its federal tax liens, or that it possessed any knowledge of circumstances that would have put it on inquiry which, if pursued, would have led it to actual knowledge of the defective deed of trust. Although the district court's statement that the defective deed of trust could give actual notice "to anyone who cared to review the records of the Chancery Clerk" is correct as far as it goes, there is no evidence that any agent of the United States reviewed the records of the Harrison County Chancery Clerk, and, under the facts in the record, the United States did not have inquiry notice of the existence of the deed.

(3)

The district court further held that the defectively acknowledged deed of trust gave the Bank "equitable title" sufficient to defeat the claims of "a subsequent purchaser or party coming after the document in question, who has notice of the questionable document." Even if we assume that the defectively acknowledged deed of trust gave the Bank "equitable title," the United States , as we have already noted, did not have notice of the defectively acknowledged deed of trust.

We reject the appellees' argument that, when the defectively acknowledged deed was recorded, the United States received constructive notice of the Bank's equitable interest because, as we have already held, the recordation of the defectively acknowledged deed did not impart constructive notice to subsequent creditors under Mississippi law. We therefore conclude that, under Mississippi law, the Bank's interest in the property under the defectively acknowledged deed of trust was not "protected by state law against a subsequent judgment lien creditor." The district court therefore erred in holding that the Bank is a "holder of a security interest" with respect to the property within the meaning of 26 U.S.C. §6323(h)(1) . Thus, the Bank is not entitled to the protection of §6323(a) . ³

C

The district court's holding that the federal tax lien was extinguished in the foreclosure sale of the property under the provisions of 26 U.S.C. §7425(b) is based on its erroneous conclusion that the tax liens were junior to the Bank's lien. As we have already held, the Bank's lien did not prime the federal tax liens. Section 7425(b) provides that, even if the government's lien is inferior under state law, it will not be discharged by the foreclosure sale unless the proper type of notice is given to the United States . Myers v. United States, [81-2 USTC ¶9490 ], 647 F.2d 591, 596-97 (5th Cir. 1981). It is undisputed that the United States was properly notified of the foreclosure sale by the Bank. Thus, the sale has "the same effect with respect to the discharge or divestment of such lien . . . of the United States , as may be provided with respect to such matters by the local law of the place where such property is situated." 26 U.S.C. §7425(b)(2) . As this court held in United States v. Boyd [57-2 USTC ¶9791 ], 246 F.2d 477, 483 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 355 U.S. 889, 78 S.Ct. 261, 2 L.Ed.2d 188 (1957), under Mississippi law, a nonjudicial sale, with proper notice to the United States, cuts off the government's lien only if the tax lien is junior to the nonfederal lien being foreclosed. See also Peoples Bank & Trust Co. v. L&T Developers, Inc., 434 So.2d 699 ( Miss. 1983). We therefore hold that the district court erred in concluding that the senior tax liens of the United States were discharged by the Bank's nonjudicial foreclosure sale.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is REVERSED, and the case is REMANDED to the district court for further proceedings.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

¹ Other courts have taken two different approaches in determining the kind of protection Congress contemplated that a security interest must have in order to be "protected under local law against a subsequent judgment lien." One line of cases applies the "subjective knowledge lien creditor test," and places the United States in the shoes of a subsequent judgment lien creditor. Under those cases, if the United States obtains actual or constructive knowledge of the competing nonfederal interest prior to filing its federal tax liens, and if, under local law a judgment lien creditor is protected only if he is without actual or constructive knowledge of a prior interest, the tax lien is not entitled to priority over the nonfederal interest. See, e.g., United States v. Ed Lusk Constr. Co. [74-2 USTC ¶9773 ], 504 F.2d 328, 331 (10th Cir. 1974); United States v. Trigg [72-2 USTC ¶9642 ], 465 F.2d 1264, 1268-69 (8th Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 410 U.S. 909, 93 S.Ct. 963, 35 L.Ed.2d 270 (1973). The other line of cases applies a "hypothetical judgment lien creditor test" that focuses on the protection state law gives to the security interest against other hypothetical lien creditors. Under that test, the question is whether the security interest is protected under local law against any hypothetical judgment lien creditor that might arise, whether or not the government has knowledge of the competing nonfederal interest. See, e.g., Dragstrem v. Obermeyer [77-2 USTC ¶9301], 549 F.2d 20, 25-27 (7th Cir. 1977). We do not need to decide which test should apply in this case. The district court applied the "subjective knowledge" test, and both parties have assumed the applicability of that test in their presentation of the case to this court.

² Although the acknowledgment was void, it does not follow that the deed itself was void. Pursuant to Miss.Code Ann. §89 -5-3, a deed that is neither acknowledged nor recorded is "nevertheless valid and binding" as between the parties and their heirs, and as to all subsequent purchasers (and creditors) with notice or without valuable consideration.

³ In Aetna Ins. Co. v. Texas Thermal Industries, Inc. [79-1 USTC ¶9287 ], 591 F.2d 1035, 1038 (5th Cir. 1979), this court held that the Federal Tax Lien Act of 1966 was intended to supplant the federal common law with respect to "tax lien priority questions as to which that statute provides an unambiguous federal answer." In Texas Commerce Bank-Fort Worth, N.A. v. United States [90-1 USTC ¶50,155 ], 896 F.2d 152, 161 n. 8 (5th Cir. 1990), however, another panel of this court has recently noted that there is an apparent conflict between Aetna and two earlier decisions of this court, Rice Investment Co. v. United States [80-2 USTC ¶9654 ], 625 F.2d 565, 572 (5th Cir. 1980) and Texas Oil & Gas Corp. v. United States [72-2 USTC ¶9653 ], 466 F.2d 1040, 1053 (5th Cir. 1972), cert. denied sub nom., Pecos County State Bank v. United States, 410 U.S. 929, 93 S.Ct. 1367, 35 L.Ed.2d 591 (1973). In Rice and Texas Oil, the court, after concluding that nonfederal liens were not entitled to priority under the Tax Lien Act of 1966, proceeded to examine the question of priority under pre-1966 common law. We note that Aetna involved a nonfederal lien that was clearly entitled to priority under the Tax Lien Act and in that respect may be distinguishable from the nonfederal liens involved in Rice and Texas Oil.

In the case before us, the statute provides a nonambiguous federal answer to the priority. It is unnecessary for us to resolve any conflict between Aetna , Rice, and Texas Oil in this case because, even if we examine the question of priority under pre-1966 federal common law, the answer is the same. Pre-1966 federal common law requires that the competing nonfederal lien be not only first in time but "choate" as well. A nonfederal lien is choate when "the identity of the lienor, the property subject to the lien, and the amount of the lien are established beyond any possibility of change or dispute." Rice Investment, 625 F.2d at 568. The question whether a lien has acquired sufficient substance and has become so perfected as to defeat a later-arising or later-filed federal tax lien is governed by federal law. Id.

Although the deed of trust identifies the lienor and describes the property subject to the lien, the amount of the lien was not established "beyond all possibility of change or dispute" at the time the notices of tax liens were filed. The deed of trust secured not only the $400,000 loan, but also "such future and additional advances as may be made to the grantor," as well as "all debts, obligations, or liabilities, direct or contingent, of the grantor . . . to the beneficiary, whether now existing or hereafter arising at any time before actual cancellation of this instrument on the public records of mortgages and deeds of trust, whether the same be evidenced by note, open account, over-draft, endorsement, guaranty or otherwise." Because the deed of trust had not been cancelled at the time the IRS filed the notices of tax liens, the amount of the Bank's lien, under the express terms of the deed of trust, was subject to a "possibility of change or dispute" and thus was not perfected, or "choate," under pre-1966 federal common law.

[57-2 USTC ¶9801] United States of America , Appellant v. O. E. Morrison and R. E. Morrison, Appellees

(CA-5), U. S. Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit, No. 16474, 247 F2d 285, 6/29/57, Reversing in part and remanding unreported District Court decision

[1954 Code Sec. 6323--similar to 1939 Code Sec. 3672(a)]

Tax lien: Priority over equitable vendor's lien.--The government's lien for unpaid taxes had priority over an equitable vendor's lien under Texas law for the unpaid purchase price of real estate. The equitable vendor's lien was not sufficiently specific and perfected to warrant priority over the government's tax lien.

[1939 Code Sec. 3678--same as 1954 Code Sec. 7403; Section 2410 of the Judicial Code]

Action to quiet title from Federal tax lien: Foreclosure as jurisdictional prerequisite.--It is not a jurisdictional prerequisite in a suit, under section 2410 of the Judicial Code, to quiet title to real estate from a Federal tax lien that the District Court order a foreclosure. Under section 2410 of the Judicial Code, the court may take whatever action is necessary to assure that the Government's lien is fully and effectually respected in accordance with its established rank. This might take the form of the judicial ascertainment of values to determine whether there was any real equity over and above the prior lien, whether Government or private. If it is established to a judicial certainty that nothing would be gained by a judicial sale, nothing would be lost by declining to compel a needless, unproductive act.

One dissent in part.

Rob ert Coe, Lee A. Jackson, Charles K. Rice, Assistant Attorney General, Department of Justice, Washington, D. C., John C. Ford, Assistant United States Attorney, Dallas, Tex., for appellant. Victor H. Stanford, Jonathan H. Allen, Dallas , Tex. , for appellee.

Before HUTCHESON, Chief Judge, and JONES and BROWN, Circuit Judges.

BROWN, Circuit Judge:

Out of strikingly simple facts two questions emerge: First, whether the equitable vendor's lien for the unpaid purchase price of Texas real estate is sufficiently specific and perfected to out-prime a Federal tax lien. And second, whether the District Court as a jurisdictional prerequisite in a suit to quiet title, 28 USCA 2410, from a Federal tax lien must inexorably order a foreclosure.

[Facts]

Morrison, the Vendor, May 13, 1955 , sold property to Burk, the Purchaser (Taxpayer), for a total consideration of $18,500. Of this, $12,800 was a prior mortgage to a third party which Taxpayer apparently assumed, $2,100 was paid in cash or the equivalent and, important here, the balance of $3,600 was made up of one check for $500 and a series of $500 (one apparently for $600) checks post-dated serially for successive months. The conveyance did not expressly reserve a vendor's lien, nor was there any conventional vendor's lien, mortgage or deed of trust executed by the Purchaser (Taxpayer) for the $3,600 balance. The $500 check for the down payment and the first post-dated $500 check were honored and paid. Consequently when the Vendor collided with the Federal Tax Collector, $2,600 was still owed the Vendor on the purchase price.

In the meantime, Federal taxes due by Taxpayer were, on various dates, ¹ assessed for a total of $7,912.76 and Notice of Tax Lien filed in the Dallas County Clerk's office. Unaware of this activity, the Vendor on November 30, 1955 , sued the Purchaser (Taxpayer) in the State Court to impress an equitable lien on the property for the unpaid purchase price of $2,600. Simultaneously a lis pendens was filed in the Dallas County Clerk's office. About December 20, 1955 , the Purchaser (Taxpayer) reconveyed the property to Vendor for a consideration of $275 in cash and a cancellation of the unpaid balance under the original deed.

March 12, 1956, Vendor under 28 USCA 2410 (note 5, infra) brought suit in the State Court to quiet title and remove the cloud of the Federal tax liens asserted in respect of the Purchaser (Taxpayer). After removal of the Government's petition, 28 USCA 1444, the Trial Court without a jury held that the United States had no claim on the property and accordingly entered judgment removing the asserted tax liens.

Since the Vendor, asserting here his equitable vendor's lien, has neither the status of a "mortgagee, pledgee, purchaser, or judgment creditor," the right of the Government to the tax lien ² under Section 6321 is not affected by the race between the Notice of Tax Lien (note 1, supra) and the Vendor's lis pendens for recordation ³ under Section 6323, and the question of priority must be determined by other considerations, United States v. Albert Holman Lumber Co., 5 Cir., 206 Fed. (2d) 685 [53-2 USTC ¶9545], modified on rehearing, 208 Fed. (2d) 113 [53-2 USTC ¶9609]; Macatee v. United States, 5 Cir., 214 Fed. (2d) 717 [54-2 USTC ¶9550], the principal factor being that the lien which is first in time is first in right, United States v. Atlantic Municipal Corporation, 5 Cir., 212 Fed. (2d) 709 [54-1 USTC ¶9392], if, but only if, the one first in time is specific and perfected in the Federal sense.

[Standing of Equitable Vendor's Lien in Texas ]

The initial inquiry whether it is a lien and its date of rank for the limited purposes of this case may be quickly disposed of. As to the latter, coming into being at the time of the conveyance May 13, 1955 , it predates the tax lien effective as of the date of the assessment (note 1, supra), 26 USCA 6322. As to the former, under Texas law it is clear that unless there is a waiver (a matter of intention subject to proof or disproof as a fact), an equitable vendor's lien arises as security for the payment of the balance of the purchase price which, with variables here unnecessary to delineate, is, as a general proposition, good against all save subsequent innocent bona fide purchasers for value and encumbrancers. Its origin is equitable depending upon an unpaid balance of the purchase price and not upon an express contractual reservation or the formal conveyance of a security interest by the purchaser back to the vendor or to a trustee. See 43A Texas Jurisprudence, Vendor and Purchaser, Sections 312, 326, 330, 331, 332, 338, 339, 349, 355, 358, 359, 386, 391, 467. As an equitable interest, it is not recordable and protection to innocent purchasers rests on equitable principles, and not on the recordation statutes, 43A Tex. Jur., supra, §331; 36 Tex. Jur., Records and Registration Acts, Sections 83, 84, under which a conventional mortgage or deed of trust must be recorded to be valid against the United States as a creditor, Underwood v. United States, 5 Cir., 118 Fed. (2d) 760 [41-1 USTC ¶9296].

But its standing in Texas is not enough. The state recognized lien must satisfy the Federal standards, vague as they may be, as choate, that is, perfected liens. When subjected to this test, this lien does not have sufficient completeness to meet the requirements of the cases which, to date, have at the source ⁴ rejected every recent effort to maintain a non-6323 (former Section 3672) state lien against a Section 6321 (former Section 3670) Federal tax lien or a Section 3466 (31 USCA 191) insolvency priority payment claim.

We need not elaborate on the Federal infirmities of this state lien. It is sufficient to point out that insofar as it bears on the competition for tax priorities, the lien, equitable in nature, arises only because equity in good conscience requires it to accomplish right and justice. Whether it exists depends on the equities which, in turn, depend upon facts including the intention of the vendor either to, or not to, waive it. As a secret lien it is, or may be, outranked by many liens of innocent purchasers or others. And, to enforce it, the only remedy available is an equitable action for foreclosure in which the debt and the lien must be established. Tex. Jur. 43a, Vendor and Purchaser, supra, §§ 391, 401, 406, 415. So, while once established by judgment under the doctrine of relation back, it has a high order in the state hierarchy, until the act of judgment occurs, it is, in the Federal view, as contingent as any other lawsuit.

[Federal Tax Lien Had Priority]

Of course, in this contest the Vendor's rights are not greater after the property was reconveyed (December 20, 1955) to him, 43A Tex. Jur., supra, §§ 368, 369, than they were when he held only an equitable vendor's lien for approximately $2,600. The result is that the District Court's finding and conclusion was erroneous as a matter of law since Taxpayer at the critical date, under the Federal view, was subject only to the claim of an equitable lien junior in rank to the Government's lien (note 1, supra).

Under the District Court's decision, the second question arose because even though the Vendor's lien for $2,600 was determined to be superior, this would not be grounds for holding that the Government did not have a lien for $7,912.76. Priority is not equated with invalidity.

[Foreclosure Issue]

Consequently, the Government, on this appeal insisted that when a person claiming an interest in property files a Section 2410 bill quia timet, and it is determined that both a Federal tax and private lien exist, but that the private lien is superior, the only relief which the court can grant is to foreclose the property under a literal application of a part of the statute. ⁵ From this it then urged that since the Vendor did not pray specifically for foreclosure, the District Court lacked jurisdiction. Receding tactically, the Government claims alternatively that as a minimum the court cannot remove the cloud of the inferior tax lien by decree unless, on sufficient evidence, the Chancellor finds that the property does not have sufficient value to discharge the prior, superior liens.

The question appears more remote now in view of our holding on the rank of liens, but since we have as little evidence as did the District Judge on which to ascertain values, it remains in the case and is proper for decision.

On it, we are of the clear view that it would be out of keeping with the nature of an equitable proceeding of quia timet and the flexibility necessarily reposed in the office of the Chancellor to assume that Congress meant either to redesign the procedure or hamstring the judge.

Unlike some courts who appear to have disclaimed jurisdiction, Borough of Kenilworth v. Corwine, D. C. N. J., 96 Fed. Supp. 68 [52-1 USTC ¶9176]; Integrity Trust Co. v. United States, D. C. N. J., 3 Fed. Supp. 577 [1933 CCH ¶9469]; cf. Sherwood v. United States, D. C. N. Y., 5 Fed. (2d) 991 [1925 CCH ¶7088], to entertain the suit, either direct or after removal from the state court, we think that Section 2410, an integral part of the Judicial Code rather than an admin istrative mechanism of the tax structure (cf. 26 USCA 7403, 7424, see note 6, infra) establishes a specific jurisdiction for these suits as bills to quiet title or for foreclosure of the private lien. The jurisdiction does not depend on the specific relief sought, i. e., foreclosure. Rather it rests on the existence of the traditional controversy in which a private party asserts an ownership which is superior to the claimed lien of the United States Government. This may take a variety of forms: (1) the Government has no lien because the property did not belong to the taxpayer, the tax was not properly assessed, or the lien was time-barred; (2) the Government lien is inferior because the private lien is one specified in Section 6323 and first recorded, or, as asserted here, is a non-6323 lien but specific and perfected and thus prior in time and right.

Congress recognized that such controversies could and would arise. With swift and ofttimes harsh admin istrative procedures by distraint available to the Government, e.g., 26 USCA 6331, which afford no means of testing legal contentions and the assertion or likely assertion of a Federal tax lien would depress the marketability of property, it was deemed essential that a means be available to determine these controversies. The relief sought, as traditional to equity as the woolsack, is the judicial determination ⁶ of the validity and rank of the competing liens. 44 Am. Jur., Quieting Title, §70; see Humble Oil & Refining Co. v. Sun Oil Co., 5 Cir., 191 Fed. (2d) 705, 719. A decree of foreclosure is neither necessary nor, in most instances, desired or adaptable.

In other instances, the private party claiming an interest or lien might recognize that the Government's lien is equal to or superior to his. In such case, a controversy does not exist in the sense of a dispute, but one does exist in the traditional sense that judicial relief is required to effectually assert the interest. For that controversy a determination of what is actually undisputed is unavailing, and what the party needs, and what Congress meant to afford, was a means by which the lien could be aforeclosed. Elaborate machinery is specified in subparagraph c of Section 2410, note 5, supra, for just such action for liens inferior or superior to that of the Government. And this gives purpose to the 1942 Amendment, note 5, supra, which expressly expanded the scope of relief to include a request "to quiet title to" property.

This conclusion accords with that reached by several district courts, Trust Company of Texas v. United States, D. C. Tex., 3 Fed. Supp. 683 [1933 CCH ¶9486]; Oden v. United States, D. C. La. , 33 Fed. (2d) 553 [1 USTC ¶400]; Minnesota Mutual Life Insurance Co. v. United States, D. C. Tex., 47 Fed. (2d) 942 [2 USTC ¶682], the last of which, Miners Savings Bank of Pittston, Pa. v. United States, D. C. Pa., 110 Fed. Supp. 563, 570-572 [53-1 USTC ¶9222], in an elaborate opinion reviewing the authorities pro and con and contemporary legal literature on the problems, concludes that the effect of Section 2410 was to extend, "the scope of relief which could be granted in actions brought under the Act." The Government, of course, stresses heavily Metropolitan Life Insurance Company v. United States, 6 Cir., 107 Fed. (2d) 311 [39-2 USTC ¶9771], cert. den., 310 U. S. 630, 84 L. Ed. 1400. Starting from the unsound premise that an action by a property owner to quiet title either under the predecessor of 28 USCA 2410, or the somewhat comparable provisions there pursued (Section 3679 of the 1939 Code now Section 7424, note 6, supra), is one to extinguish the lien of the United States, rather than what it really is--a determination that a tax lien does not exist, has been extinguished, or is inferior in rank, the Sixth Circuit, by a divided court, affirmed the decree for want of jurisdiction to do anything except foreclose. The anomaly was that as purchasers from mortgagees of a prior recorded mortgage, the plaintiffs seeking relief by removal of the cloud on their title were held remediless while, at the same time, as a substantive matter, it was extremely doubtful that the Government had any real enforceable lien, certainly not prior to that of the assignor mortgagees. Neither the result nor the reasoning seems satisfactory. ⁷

[Foreclosure Not Mandatory]

There is no hazard to the revenues in the course which we approve. If the Court on sufficient evidence under controlling legal principles concludes that the Government has no lien, a foreclosure is unnecessary to remove the cloud of the asserted lien from the title, and the Government, in fact, has lost nothing. It will not be different if, on the other hand, the Court were to find that the Government lien does exist and has not been, by valid action prior to the Section 2410 suit, extinguished by a valid foreclosure. As to such lien, whether superior, equal to, or inferior to the competing lien, the Court, if the posture of the controversy is such that the legal determination of the priorities itself is not a full solution, can, under its traditional flexibility as well as that specified in paragraph (c), Section 2410, note 5, supra, take whatever action is necessary to assure that the Government's lien is fully and effectually respected in accordance with its established rank. This might take the form of the judicial ascertainment of values to determine whether there was any real equity over and above the prior lien, whether Government or private. For if it is established to a judicial certainty that nought would be gained by a judicial sale, nought would be lost by declining to compel a needless unproductive act.

Since we reach the conclusion that the Vendor's lien was inferior, the judgment of the District Court is reversed and here rendered to hold that the Government's tax lien for $7,912.76 is superior. On remand the Court, to the extent that any of these other questions remain in the case, shall, as a court of equity, take such further and not inconsistent action as may be necessary.

Reversed and rendered in part and remanded.

¹

                                       Date of           Notice Filed              Amount
 

Tax Period & Kind                   Assessment         Clerk's Office         Outstanding
 

1954 WT & FICA .........       
Aug. 23, 1955
         
Oct. 4, 1955
               $3,696.08
 

1Q 55 WT & FICA ........       
Oct. 14, 1955
         
Dec. 15, 1955
               1,316.94
 

2 & 3Q 55 WT & FICA ....       
Nov. 30, 1955
         
Dec. 15, 1955
          2,899.74
 

Total ..................                                                        $7,912.76
 

² Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (26 USCA 6321):

"SEC. 6321. LIEN FOR TAXES.

"If any person liable to pay any tax neglects or refuses to pay the same after demand, the amount (including any interest, additional amount, addition to tax, or assessable penalty, together with any costs that may accrue in addition thereto) shall be a lien in favor of the United States upon all property and rights to property, whether real or personal, belonging to such person."

This is former Section 3670 of the 1939 Code (26 USCA 3670).

³ "SEC. 6323. (26 U. S. C. A. 6323) VALIDITY AGAINST MORTGAGEES, PLEDGEES, PURCHASERS, AND JUDGMENT CREDITORS,

"(a) Invalidity of lien without notice.--Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c), the lien imposed by section 6321 shall not be valid as against any mortgagee, pledgee, purchaser, or judgment creditor until notice thereof has been filed by the Secretary or his delegate--

"(1) Under state or territorial laws.--In the office designated by the law of the State or Territory in which the property subject to the lien is situated, whenever the State or Territory has by law designated an office within the State or Territory for the filing of such notice; or

* * *

This is from former Section 3672 of the 1939 Code (26 USCA 3672).

⁴ See the Report of the Committee on Relative Priority of Government and Private Liens of the Real Property, Probate and Trust Laws Section of the American Bar Association which, with a full bibliography and annotation, collects and discusses the cases on this subject. It points out that in the past ten years the Government has succeeded in each of the twelve cases before the United States Supreme Court which, except as otherwise indicated, involve Section 3670: United States v. White Bear Brewing Co., 350 U. S. 1010, 100 L. Ed. 871 [56-1 USTC ¶9440]; United States v. Colotta, 350 U. S. 808, 100 L. Ed. 725; United States v. Acri, 348 U. S. 211, 99 L. Ed. 264 [55-1 USTC ¶9138]; United States v. Liverpool & London & Globe Ins. Co., 348 U. S. 215, 99 L. Ed. 268 [55-1 USTC ¶9136]; United States v. Scovil, 348 U. S. 218, 99 L. Ed. 271 [55-1 USTC ¶9137]; United States v. New Britain, 347 U. S. 81, 98 L. Ed. 520 [54-1 USTC ¶9191]; United States v. Gilbert Associates, 345 U. S. 361, 97 L. Ed. 1071 (§3466) [53-1 USTC ¶9291]; United States v. Security Trust and Savings Bank, 340 U. S. 47, 95 L. Ed. 53 [50-2 USTC ¶9492]; Goggin v. California Division of Labor Law Enforcement, 336 U. S. 118, 93 L. Ed. 543 (§64 and §67(c) of Bankruptcy Act); Massachusetts v. United States, 333 U. S. 611, 92 L. Ed. 968 (§3466); Illinois v. Campbell, 329 U. S. 362, 91 L. Ed. 348 (§3466); United States v. Waddill, Holland & Flinn, Inc., 323 U. S. 353, 89 L. Ed. 294 (§3466) [45-1 USTC ¶9126].

As we have pointed out and continue to follow, United States v. Atlantic Municipal Corp., 5 Cir., 212 Fed. (2d) 709 [54-1 USTC ¶9392], the principle of first in time first in right is clearly established by United States v. New Britain, supra, and the case was remanded for application of this rule. We do not regard it as so soon overruled by the unrevealing brevity of the per curiams in White Bear and Colotta, supra.

⁵ "28 USCA 2410. Actions Affecting Property on which United States has lien

"(a) Under the conditions prescribed in this section and section 1444 of this title for the protection of the United States, the United States may be named a party in any civil action or suit in any district court, including the District Court for the Territory of Alaska, or in any State court having jurisdiction of the subject matter, to quiet title to or for the foreclosure of a mortgage or other lien upon real or personal property on which the United States has or claims a mortgage or other lien.

* * *

"(c) A judicial sale in such action or suit shall have the same effect respecting the discharge of the property from liens and encumbrances held by the United States as may be provided with respect to such matters by the local law of the place where the property is situated. A sale to satisfy a lien inferior to one of the United States , shall be made subject to and without distribing the lien of the United States , unless the United States consents that the property may be sold free of its lien and the proceeds divided as the parties may be entitled. Where a sale of real estate is made to satisfy a lien prior to that of the United States , the United States shall have one year from the date of sale within which to redeem. In any case where the debt owing the United States is due, the United States may ask, by way of affirmative relief, for the foreclosure of its own lien and where property is sold to satisfy a first lien held by the United States, the United States may bid at the sale such sum, not exceeding the amount of its claim with expenses of sale, as may be directed by the head of the department or agency of the United States which has charge of the admin istration of the laws in respect of which the the claim of the United States arises."

The italicized words in paragraph (a) were added by the 1942 Amendments to former 28 USCA 901 by Chapter 656, Section 1, 56 Stat. 1026.

⁶ The Congressional purpose to invest District Courts with the full flexibility of a Chancery Court is reflected by like language affording parallel, although more awkward, relief under 26 USCA 7424 (a substantial recodification of Section 3679, 26 USCA 3679(a)(c)(d) of the 1939 Code). This provides that if the Government, after six months request, declines to institute its own proceeding under Section 7403 (Section 3678 of the 1939 Code) a person claiming an interest may, with permission of the Court, after application and hearing, file a civil action "in which the United States and all persons having liens upon or claiming any interests in the property shall be made parties." In that proceeding, subparagraph (b) declares that "* * * the district court shall proceed to adjudicate the matters involved therein in the same manner as in the case of civil actions filed under Section 7403." Section 7403, 26 USCA 7403 (Section 3678 of the 1939 Code) complementary to 7424 provides for the filing of a civil action by the United States to enforce its liens naming all persons having liens or claiming interests as parties and which, under subparagraph (c), provides: "The court shall * * * proceed to adjudicate all matters involved therein and finally determine the merits of all claims to and liens upon the property, and, in all cases where a claim or interest of the United States therein is established, may decree a sale of such property, by the proper officer of the court, and a distribution of the proceeds of such sale according to the findings of the court in respect to the interests of the parties and of the United States."

Italicized words in §7403 were substituted in former 26 USCA 1569 (of 1934), §1127(b) of the 1926 Internal Revenue Code by Amendment June 22, 1936 , 49 Stat. 1743, 26 USCA 1569 (Supp. 1938) to make sale permissive, not mandatory.

See also note 8, United States v. Boyd, 5 Cir., -- Fed. (2d) -- [No. 16537] [57-2 USTC ¶9791], as to the inter-relation of these statutes.

⁷ The case has come in for considerable criticism, see Removal of Federal Income Tax Lien as Affected by Power of Sale in Mortgage, 49 Yale Law Journal 1106; also 53 Harvard Law Review 888; Clark, Federal Tax Liens and Their Enforcement, 33 Virginia Law Review 13, 32-38, and footnote 79.

[Concurring and Dissenting Opinion]

JONES, Circuit Judge, Concurring in Part and Dissenting in Part:

As is said by the majority, the facts are "strikingly simple." Plaintiffs asserted ownership of property in Dallas , Texas . They invoked the provisions of 28 U. S. C. A. §2410 and brought suit against the United States to quiet title to the property against a claim of lien of the United States . Plaintiffs sought a judgment that the United States had no interest in the property. The United States answered, asserting that it had a lien on the property prior to the title or other interest of the plaintiffs. The District Court held with the plaintiffs and entered judgment decreeing that the United States had no lien on the property. The opinion of the majority will render judgment that the lien of the United States is superior. With this I am in complete accord.

In the majority opinion there is much discussion of lien priorities, foreclosures and other matters which seem to me to have passed out of the case. The plaintiffs assert no present lien. They claim title. No reason appears that would prevent the operation of the rule that when a lienholder acquires title the lien is merged with the title and is extinguished. 43 A Tex. Jur. 422, Vendor and Purchaser, §368. It was necessary to consider the lien of the plaintiffs as of the time the lien of the United States attached as a predicate for determining the rank of the lien of the United States . However, I am unable to see the "other questions" in the case for the disposition of which the majority has remanded. The majority undertakes, so it seems to me, to prescribe for ailments from which neither litigant is suffering. If I rightly read the majority opinion it may call for the foreclosure of a taxpayers' lien which the taxpayers have, I think, extinguished and certainly have not asserted. But for the remand to dispose of "other questions" the taxpayers could (and probably still can) pay off and discharge the lien of the United States ; and the United States could (but now probably cannot) avail itself of the remedies which theCongress has furnished for the collection of its tax from the property on which it has a lien. From the portion of the opinion which will remand the cause, I deferentially dissent.

[55-2 USTC ¶9658]Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association, Etc., Plaintiff v. Jack D. Green, et al., Defendants Floyd B. Marshall, et ux., Defendants and Cross-Complainants v. Jack D. Green, United States, et al., Cross-Defendants United States of America, Defendant by Cross-Complaint and Cross-Complainant v. Jack D. Green, et al., Cross-Defendants

In the Superior Court of the State of California, in and for the County of Madera, No. 9513, June 13, 1955

[1939 Code Sec. 3672--substantially unchanged in 1954 Code Sec. 6323]

Priority of liens: Equitable proration.--Because of the apparent legal impasse reached in determining the priority of judgment creditors' liens and the government's income tax liens, the court applied the maxim "Equality is equity" and ordered the fund in question distributed ratably among the various judgment creditors and the United States. An exception to this was one income tax lien as to the priority of which there was no question. This lien was paid first.

Laughlin E. Waters, United States Attorney, Los Angeles, California; Crossland & Crossland & Richardson; Docker & Docker; and Ralph Rob inson, all of Fresno, California; Stewart, Jenks, Peck & Free; and Berman Gold & Shore, all of San Francisco, California; J. D. Boyle; Coffee & Wolfe; D. P. Bancroft; James R. Hanhart; Mason A. Bailey and Dean S. Lesher & Kathryn C. Lesher, all of Madera, California.

Memorandum of Opinion

O'DONNELL, Judge:

As to the United States ' lien for $673.62 filed January 11, 1952 , there can be no question that it enjoys first priority. As to the various other liens on the fund here involved we are confronted with a true dialectic vicious circle: The liens of the judgment creditors of May, 1952 have priority over the United States liens of October, 1952; the latter liens have priority over the Marshalls' lien of March, 1952; and the Marshalls' lien has priority over the judgment creditors' liens of May, 1952. Having come to this legal impasse it seems appropriate to invoke principles of equity. The maxim that appears applicable here is, Equality is Equity (Sec. 30, C. J. S., Equity, Sec. 109). Price v. Price, 188 S. E. ( W. Va. ) 770, although factually dissimilar, contains general language which is pertinent here. At page 772 it is said: "That equality is equity is an established principle of equity . . . It is even said that no rule of equity appeals more to the conscience of a chancellor than that requiring an insufficient fund to be apportioned ratably among all its claimants (Citing Case.)"

While it is true that in the instant case we are dealing with liens that have various priorities, one against the other, yet, as we have seen, it is impossible to resolve these priorities. The maxim above quoted therefore appears to furnish the only solution to the dilemma.

A few words on the Marshalls ' attempted levy of garnishment on the County Clerk might be appropriate here: Preliminarily, it might be noted that there was no proof that this levy was made pursuant to "written instructions" (a matter of which the Marshalls made much in attacking the May 1952 levies, but which is without merit). Further, the levy was made by Marshalls ' attorneys, and not by the sheriff or other officers to whom the writ was directed. More important, however, is the fact that the fund was in custodia legis and not subject to levy. The 1951 amendments to Section 386 of the Code of Civil Procedure specifically provide for a deposit in court such as was made by plaintiff in this case. The cases cited by the Marshalls (122 Cal. App. 132; 111 Cal. 386; and 73 Cal. App. 455) therefore do not represent existing law. (Moreover, they are distinguishable from the instant case on their facts.) Indeed, the Kimball case points out that, "This clause (C. C. P. 386) makes no provision for an order permitting the plaintiff in the action of interpleader to pay into court or deliver the property claimed." (P. 394)

After payment to the United States of the sum of $673.62, the balance of the fund here in question should be distributed ratably among the United States , the Marshalls , and those judgment creditors of May, 1952 who made appearances at the trial of this action.

Plaintiff will prepare findings and decree in accordance herewith.

[54-1 USTC ¶9292]Dale Walter Smith and Johanna Smith, Plaintiffs v. Melvin Hamilton, Eva H. Hamilton, United States of America, a body politic, John Doe, Jane Doe, and John Doe Company, a corporation, Defendants, by original summons, and between the said United States of America Cross-Claimant v. Dale Walter Smith, Johanna Smith, Melvin Hamilton, Eva H. Hamilton, John Doe, Jane Doe, and John Doe Company, a corporation, Cross-Defendants by Cross-Claim

In the District Court of the United States, Southern District of California, Central Division, No. 15768-BH, March 31, 1954

Priority of liens: Equitable or secret lien.--The recorded tax lien of the United States was superior to an unpaid vendor's lien where the latter was purely equitable in nature. Equitable liens because of their secret nature will not be enforced against creditors without notice, either actual or constructive.

Property subject to lien: Community property.--Property in question was community property notwithstanding that the form of deed granting it was one of joint tenancy. The spouses considered it as community property and, consequently, the entire real property was subject to the government's claim based on a tax lien.

Oregon Smith, 115 West C. St. , Ontario , Calif. , for Dale W. and Johanna Smith. Walter S. Binns (later Laughlin E. Waters), United States Attorney, E. H. Mitchell and Edward R. McHale, Assistant United States Attorneys, and Eugene Harpole, Special Attorney, Bureau of Internal Revenue, all of 600 Federal Bldg., Los Angeles 12, Calif., for the United States.

Memorandum Opinion

The unpaid vendor's lien upon which the plaintiff bases his claim for a priority over the recorded tax lien of the United States is purely equitable in nature even though recognized in California by statute and as such it is recognized as a secret lien. [Martin v. Becker, 146 P. 665 (1915).] It is well settled in this circuit, as well as elsewhere, that equitable liens because of their secret nature will not be enforced against creditors without notice, either actual or constructive. [Stepp v. McAdams, 88 Fed. (2d) 925 (9th Cir., 1937)]. Inasmuch as the United States is here in the position of a creditor without notice, it must be accorded a position of priority over the claim of the plaintiff.

It is my view that the entire real property in question is subject to the government's claim. It is well settled in California that the marital property of the spouses is liable for the debts of the husband with minor exceptions not applicable here. [Grolemund v. Cafferata, 111 P. (2d) 641 (1941).] The evidence introduced here showed that the property in question was community notwithstanding that the form of the deed granting it is one of joint tenancy. It is settled law in California that if the spouses consider the property as belonging to the community, it does so regardless of the form of the deed by which it was taken and evidence may be received to show its true character. [Tomaier v. Tomaier, 146 P. (2d) 905 (1944); United States v. Pierotti, 154 Fed. (2d) 758 (9th Cir., 1946) [46-1 USTC ¶9230, 10,261].]

I assume that the parties will agree on a form of decree of foreclosure, wherein the plaintiff shall receive any surplus after the government's lien is satisfied.

Findings and decree to be filed within ten days from date hereof.

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (March 31, 1954)

This cause came on regularly for trial on the 1st day of March, 1954, and was continued to March 5, 1954, for further proceedings, before the Court without a jury, Oregon Smith appearing as attorney for the plaintiffs and cross-defendants, Dale Walter Smith and Johanna Smith; Laughlin E. Waters, United States Attorney for the Southern District of California and Edward R. McHale, Assistant U. S. Attorney for said District, Chief, Tax Division, appearing for the defendant and cross-claimant, United States of America; the defendants and cross-defendants, Melvin Hamilton and Eva Hamilton, having been served with both the Complaint and Cross-claim and not having appeared, and their defaults having been entered; and the defendants and cross-defendants, Jane Doe and John Doe Company, a corporation, having been dismissed as such, and evidence both oral and documentary having been introduced and the cause having been submitted to the Court, and the Court being fully advised in the premises, finds the facts as follows:

Findings of Fact

I. The defendant and cross-claimant, United States of America, is a corporation sovereign and body-politic, and by statute (Title 28, U. S. C. §2410) consented to be sued in the Superior Court of the State of California, in and for the County of San Bernardino, in an action to foreclose a lien against real property, and thereafter removed the matter to this Court pursuant to Title 28, U. S. C. §1444, and is entitled to the affirmative relief of foreclosure of its liens pursuant to Title 28, U. S. C. §2410(c).

II. This Court has no jurisdiction over the defendant United States of America with respect to the first and second causes of action for the collection of promissory notes, because the United States of America has not consented to be sued in such actions.

III. Prior to August 26, 1952, the plaintiffs and cross-defendants, Dale Walter Smith and Johanna Smith, were the owners of record of that certain real property located in the City of Ontario, County of San Bernardino, State of California, particularly described as follows, to-wit:

"The East 1/2 of Lot 25, TRACT NO. 2540, CALTONIA TRACT, in the City of Ontario, County of San Bernardino, State of California, as per plat thereof recorded in Book 36 of Maps, Page 40, Records of said County;

SAVING AND EXCEPTING an undivided 1/2 interest in the West Four Feet of the said East half of Lot 25; TOGETHER with an undivided 1/2 interest in the East Four Feet of the West half of said Lot 25,"

subject to a trust-deed securing a note in the principal balance remaining unpaid at that date of $5,476.40 executed by Dale Walter Smith, Trustor, to Pioneer Title Insurance and Trust Company, a California corporation, Trustee, to secure an original indebtedness of $7,000 in favor of the First National Bank of Ontario, a national banking association.

IV. On or about August 26, 1952, the Smiths entered into an escrow with the defendants and cross-defendants Hamilton, for the sale of the aforementioned real property to the Hamiltons for the total consideration of $8,500, $1,000 to be paid in cash through the escrow, $5,476.40 by assumption of the trust deed in favor of the First National Bank of Ontario, and $1,723.60 by two promissory notes executed by the Hamiltons, one in the sum of $500 and the other in the sum of $1,523.60, both of which were unsecured. The escrow agent was the First National Bank of Ontario , California , and on or about said date, the Smiths delivered to the escrow the aforesaid two promissory notes made and executed by them and the sum of $1,000 in cash. The plaintiffs and cross-defendants, Dale Walter Smith and Johanna Smith, delivered into escrow a grant deed conveying the property to the defendants and cross-defendants, Melvin Hamilton and Eva H. Hamilton, as joint tenants. On or about November 10, 1952, the escrow was completed and the various instruments deposited therein were delivered pursuant to instructions to the respective parties and the deed to the Hamiltons was recorded on November 10, 1952, in Book 3051, at page 143 of Official Records in the Office of the County Recorder of San Bernardino County , California .

V. Melvin Hamilton and Eva H. Hamilton raised the $1,000 in cash required to be paid into escrow by borrowing money from a finance company on a note secured by a chattel mortgage on their household furnishings which was their community property. From the time of the completion of the escrow, in November 1952, until the commencement of this action in July 1953, the Hamiltons paid to the First National Bank of Ontario the amounts due on the first trust deed. Said payments were made from the community earnings of the Hamiltons .

VI. On or about August 26, 1952, the Hamiltons made, executed and delivered to the escrow agent their promissory note in writing, in the principal sum of $500, dated said date, and payable to the order of the plaintiffs and cross-defendants, Dale Walter Smith and Johanna Smith on or before September 29, 1952, with interest at the rate of 6% per annum from the date thereof until paid, payable at maturity; at all times herein mentioned, the Smiths have been and still are the owners and holders of said note; no part of the principal of said note or any of the interest thereon has been paid, although the Smiths have demanded payment of the same from the said Hamiltons; the Hamiltons have neglected, failed and refused, and still neglect, fail and refuse, to pay said sum of $500, or any part thereof, or any of the interest on said note, and the sum of $500, together with interest thereon at the rate of 6% per annum from August 26, 1952, which is now wholly due, owing and unpaid from Melvin Hamilton and Eva H. Hamilton, and each of them, to the Smiths.

VII. On or about August 26, 1952, Melvin Hamilton and Eva H. Hamilton made, executed and delivered to the Smiths their promissory note in the principal sum of $1,523.60, payable to the order of the Smiths in installments, including interest on the unpaid balance of said principal at the rate of 6% per annum from the date of said note until paid, of $40.00 per month, or more, on the 14th day of each month, commencing on October 14, 1952, and continuing until said principal and interest should be paid; at all times herein mentioned the Smiths have been and still are the owners and holders of said note, said note by its terms provided that if default should be made in the payment of any such installment, then the whole of said principal sum and the interest thereon should become immediately due at the option of the holders thereof. No part of the principal of said promissory note, or any of the interest thereon, has been paid. The Hamiltons made default in the payment of the installment of $40.00 due on October 14, 1952, and of the installment of $40.00 due on November 14, 1952; no part of said installments, or either of them, has been paid by the Hamiltons, or either of them to the Smiths, although the Smiths have many times demanded payment of the same. On or about November 25, 1952, the Smiths notifed the Hamiltons in writing of the non-payment of said installments and demanded payment of same, and notified them that should they fail to pay the same on or before November 29, 1952, plaintiffs would elect to declare the whole sum of principal and interest due and to become due under said promissory note immediately due and payable; that thereafter and on or about December 2, 1952, the Smiths notified the Hamiltons in writing that the Smiths elected to declare, and thereby declared the entire balance of principal and interest due, and to become due, under said promissory note immediately due and payable and demanded payment of said sum of $1,523.60, with interest thereon at the rate of 6% per annum from August 26, 1952, and the plaintiffs do hereby so elect. The Hamilton's have neglected, failed and refused, and still neglect, fail and refuse to pay said sum of $1,523.60, or any part thereof, or any of the interest thereon, to the Smiths, and that said sum of $1,523.60, together with interest thereon at the rate of 6% per annum from August 26, 1952, until paid is now wholly due, owing and unpaid from the Hamiltons, and each of them to the Smiths.

VIII. The said notes set out in paragraphs VI and VII above, by their terms each provided that if action should be instituted in any Court to enforce payment of the same, then the Hamiltons would pay such sum as the Court should fix as attorney's fee in said action for the Smiths' attorney. The Smiths have been compelled to employ and have employed an attorney for the prosecution of the within action on the collection of both of the notes. The sum of $200.00 is a reasonable sum to be allowed and ordered to be paid to plaintiffs for said attorney's fees in connection with the note in the prinvipal amount of $500, and the sum of $300.00 is a reasonable amount to be allowed and ordered paid to plaintiffs for said attorney's fees in connection with the collection of the note in the principal amount of $1,523.60, the Hamiltons not having contested the action.

IX. The United States of America filed with the County Recorder of San Bernardino County , on April 16, 1952 , a notice of tax lien for withholding and employment taxes for the fourth quarter of 1951 in the amount of $962.83 against Melvin Hamilton, Melvin Hamilton Electric, which tax lien has been paid in full.

X. On December 30, 1952, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue assessed against the defendant Melvin Hamilton doing business as Melvin Hamilton Electric, withholding and employment taxes for the third quarter of 1952 in the sum of $1,504.73 taxes and $15.05 interest, for a total assessment of $1,519.78; the assessment list showing the assessment of the aforesaid taxes and interest was received in the office of the Director of Internal Revenue at Los Angeles, California, on January 5, 1953; notice and demand for the payment of the taxes and interest so assessed was made upon the taxpayer shortly thereafter, but no payment was made and no part thereof was paid on March 4, 1953, as alleged in the complaint, a notice of tax lien was filed in the office of the County Recorder of San Bernardino County, California, as Nos. 4986 and 263; remaining due, owing and unpaid is the sum of $1,654.95, representing the aforesaid assessment together with penalties and interest computed to August 31, 1953; further interest continues to accrue on the aforesaid assessment at the statutory rate of six per centum per annum from September 1, 1953, until paid; lien filing fees of $1.00 have been incurred.

XI. On March 6, 1953, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue assessed against Melvin Hamilton, doing business as Melvin Hamilton Electric, withholding and employment taxes for the 4th quarter 1952 in the sum of $658.16; the assessment list showing the assessment of the aforesaid tax was received in the office of the Director of Internal Revenue at Los Angeles, California, on March 9, 1953; notice and demand for the payment of the tax so assessed was made on the taxpayer shortly thereafter, but no payment was made and no part thereof was paid; on April 17, 1953, as alleged in the complaint, a notice of tax lien was filed in the office of the County Recorder of San Bernardino County, California, as No. 5044; remaining due, owing and unpaid is the sum of $709.25, representing the aforesaid assessment together with penalties and interest computed to August 31, 1953; further interest continues to accrue on the aforesaid assessment at the statutory rate of six per centum per annum from September 1, 1953, until paid; lien recording fees of $1.00 have been incurred.

XII. Internal Revenue tax liens in favor of the cross-claimant, United States of America, arose upon all the property and rights to property which then belonged or thereafter came into the possession of the cross-defendant Melvin Hamilton, or the cross-defendant Eva H. Hamilton, on the dates indicated herein that the Director of Internal Revenue received the assessment lists carrying the assessments of Federal Internal Revenue taxes against Melvin Hamilton, and said liens became valid as to all the world upon filing notice thereof in the office of the County Recorder of San Bernardino County, California.

XIII. The Hamiltons purchased the real property with community funds during the time their marital community was indebted to the cross-claimant, the United States of America .

XIV. The aforesaid real property purchased by the Hamiltons was purchased with community funds and it was the intent of the Hamiltons that the property would remain community property despite the form of the deed to them in joint tenancy.

XV. All the community property of Melvin Hamilton and Eva H. Hamilton is liable for the debts incurred by Melvin Hamilton in his community business venture of his electric contracting business, including his liability to the United States of America , cross-claimant herein, for withholding and employment taxes incurred therein.

Conclusions of Law

From the foregoing facts, the Court concludes as follows:

I. The Court has jurisdiction of this action, and of the United States of America and of all the other parties hereto with respect to the third cause of action. This Court has jurisdiction with respect to the plaintiffs and the defendants, Melvin Hamilton and Eva H. Hamilton only, under the first and second causes of action.

II. Internal Revenue tax liens in favor of the cross-claimant, United States of America, arose upon all of the property and rights to property which then belonged or which thereafter came into the possession of the defendants and cross-defendants, Melvin Hamilton and Eva H. Hamilton, on the dates indicated in the findings that the Collector of Internal Revenue received the assessment lists carrying the assessments of Federal internal revenue taxes against said defendant and cross-defendant Melvin Hamilton, and said liens became valid as to all the world, including all the cross-defendants herein upon filing of notice thereof in the office of the County Recorder of San Bernardino County, California.

III. The United States of America has a lien against the property and rights to property of Melin Hamilton by reason of Internal Revenue taxes for the third quarter of 1952 in the sum of $1,654.95, together with interest at the rate of 6 per centum per annum on the sum of $1,519.78 from September 1, 1953, until paid, and lien filing fees of $1.00, which sums are a lien upon the hereinafter described real property, prior and superior to the rights of all cross-defendants herein.

IV. The United States of America has a lien for Internal Revenue taxes against Melvin Hamilton, doing business as Melvin Hamilton Electric for Internal Revenue taxes for the fourth quarter 1952 in the sum of $709.25 together with interest on the sum of $658.16 at the statutory rate of 6 per centum per annum from September 1, 1953, until paid, and lien filing fees of $1.00, which sums are a lien upon the hereinafter described real property, prior and paramount to the interest of all cross-defendants herein.

V. The cross-claimant the United States of America has liens upon the property described as:

"The East 1/2 of Lot 25, TRACT NO. 2540, CALTONIA TRACT, in the City of Ontario, County of San Bernardino, State of California, as per plat thereof recorded in Book 36 of Maps, Page 40, Records of said County;

SAVING AND EXCEPTING an undivided 1/2 interest in the West Four Feet of the said East half of Lot 25; TOGETHER with an undivided 1/2 interest in the East Four Feet of the West half of said Lot 25,"

which liens are prior and paramount to liens of all other parties herein and cross-claimant is entitled to a judgment foreclosing its tax liens against the herein described real property and ordering the sale of the property by the Marshal of this Court, proceeds thereof to be applied as set forth in Paragraph VII hereinafter.

VI. The plaintiffs and cross-defendants, Dale Walter Smith and Johanna Smith, have a vendors' lien upon the real property, which is a secret lien, subsequent and subordinate to the aforementioned liens of the United States of America but prior to the rights of every other party hereto, and they are entitled to judgment foreclosing said liens upon the real property.

VII. The defendant and cross-claimant, United States of America , and the plaintiffs and cross-defendants, Dale Walter Smith and Johanna Smith, are entitled to have their respective encumbrances enforced and foreclosed and the lands and premises hereinafter described sold in the manner prescribed by law, and the proceeds of the sale of said real property applied, as follows:

FIRST: To the payment of Marshal's fees, disbursements, and expenses of sale;

SECOND: To the costs incurred in this action and by the defendant and cross-claimant, United States of America ;

THIRD: To the United States of America the sum of $2,364.20, as of August 31, 1953, plus interest at the rate of six per centum per annum on the sum of $2,177.94 from said day to date of payment, and the further sum of $2.00 for its lien filing fees;

FOURTH: To the costs incurred in this action by the plaintiffs and cross-defendants, Dale Walter Smith and Johanna Smith;

FIFTH: To plaintiffs and cross-defendants, Dale Walter Smith and Johanna Smith the sum of $2,023.60 with interest thereon at the rate of six per centum per annum from August 26, 1952, together with the sum of $500.00 as an attorney's fee for plaintiffs' attorney for the prosecution of the within action;

and that all of said sums be declared to be a lien upon said premises hereinafter described.

VIII. The real property shall be sold according to law by the United States Marshal for this District and the proceeds be applied to the payments of amounts as set forth in Paragraph VII hereinabove. If the proceeds of said sale be insufficient to pay amounts as aforesaid, and it shall so appear from the Marshal's return, a further hearing shall be had for the purpose of establishing the amount of the deficiency judgment or judgments, if any, to be entered for the cross-claimant against the cross-defendant Melvin Hamilton and for the plaintiffs Walter Smith and Johanna Smith, against the defendants Melvin Hamilton and Eva H. Hamilton.

IX. The liens of the defendant and cross-claimant, United States of America, the plaintiffs and cross-defendants, Dale Walter Smith and Johanna Smith, are valid and subsisting liens upon the lands and premises; and the United States of America and Dale Walter Smith and Johanna Smith are entitled to judgment and decree of this Court foreclosing said liens and to carry out the foregoing and also providing that any party of this action may become a purchaser at the sale of said property, said purchaser, or purchasers to be let into possession of said premises so sold after the expiration of the redemption period and that a writ of assistance issue therefor, if necessary, without notice. The defendant and cross-claimant, United States of America , is entitled to credit on its bid in the amount of its first and prior liens set forth in Paragraph VII hereinafter.

Articles by Alvin Brown
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Liens

Additional Information:

6323 - Alabama
6323 - Alabama2
6323 - Alaska
6323 - Alaska2
6323 - Allocation of Liens
6323 - Arizona
6323 - Arkansas
6323 - Arkansas2
6323 - Assignment of Funds p1
6323 - Assignment of Funds p2
6323 - Assignment of Funds p3
6323 - Assignment of Funds p4
6323 - Bankruptcy p1
6323 - Bona Fide Purchaser for Value p1
6323 - Bona Fide Purchaser for Value p2
6323 - Bona Fide Purchaser for Value p3
6323 - Bona Fide Purchaser for Value p4
6323 - California
6323 - California2 p1
6323 - California2 p2
6323 - Claims After Death
6323 - Clerk's Error
6323 - Colorado
6323 - Condemnation Proceedings
6323 - Conflicts of Law p1
6323 - Conflicts of Law p2
6323 - Conflicts of Law p3
6323 - Connecticut
6323 - Consideration
6323 - Constructive Trust
6323 - Contract Assignment p1
6323 - Contract Assignment p2
6323 - Conveyance by Taxpayer p1
6323 - Conveyance by Taxpayer p2
6323 - Copyright Act
6323 - Debenture Holders
6323 - Decedent
6323 - Deeds of Trust
6323 - Delaware
6323 - Disclosure of Lien
6323 - Distribution of Proceeds
6323 - District of Columbia
6323 - District of Columbia2
6323 - District Where Filed p1
6323 - District Where Filed p2
6323 - Employee's Claims
6323 - Equitable or Secret Lien
6323 - Equitable Principles
6323 - Escrow
6323 - Escrow2
6323 - Estate Claims
6323 - Estoppel p1
6323 - Estoppel p2
6323 - Extension
6323 - Fact-Finding p1
6323 - Fact-Finding p2
6323 - Fact-Finding p3
6323 - Fact-Finding p4
6323 - Fact-Finding p5
6323 - Fact-Finding p6
6323 - Fire Insurance Proceeds p1
6323 - Fire Insurance Proceeds p2
6323 - Florida
6323 - Florida2
6323 - Form of Notice
6323 - Garnishment
6323 - Georgia
6323 - Hawaii
6323 - Idaho
6323 - Illinois
6323 - Illinois2
6323 - Indiana
6323 - Indiana2
6323 - Inherited Property p1
6323 - Inherited Property p2
6323 - Interest on Mortgage
6323 - Interpleader p1
6323 - Interpleader p2
6323 - Interpleader p3
6323 - Interpleader p4
6323 - Interpleader p5
6323 - Interpleader p6
6323 - Interpleader p7
6323 - Interpleader2 p1
6323 - Interpleader2 p2
6323 - Iowa
6323 - Iowa2
6323 - Judgment Creditor p1
6323 - Judicial Sale
6323 - Jurisdiction p1
6323 - Jurisdiction p2
6323 - Jurisdiction p3
6323 - Kentucky
6323 - Kentucky2
6323 - Louisiana
6323 - Maritime Liens
6323 - Marshalling of Assets
6323 - Maryland
6323 - Maryland2
6323 - Massachusetts
6323 - Michigan p1
6323 - Michigan P2
6323 - Michigan2
6323 - Minnesota
6323 - Mississippi
6323 - Mississippi2
6323 - Missouri
6323 - Montana
6323 - Money Forfeited to State
6323 - Mortgage
6323 - Name Changed
6323 - Nebraska
6323 - New Hampshire
6323 - New Hampshire2
6323 - New Jersey
6323 - New York p1
6323 - New York p2
6323 - New York p3
6323 - New York2
6323 - North Carolina
6323 - North Carolina2
6323 - North Dakota
6323 - Tax Lien Not Filed
6323 - Notice or Knowledge of Lien p1
6323 - Notice or Knowledge of Lien p2
6323 - Notice or Knowledge of Lien p3
6323 - Obligatory Disbursement Agreement
6323 - Ohio
6323 - Ohio2
6323 - Oklahoma
6323 - Oklahoma2
6323 - Oregon
6323 - Oregon2
6323 - Partners and Partnerships
6323 - Pennsylvania p1
6323 - Pennsylvania p2
6323 - Pennsylvania2 p1
6323 - Pennsylvania2 p2
6323 - Personal Property of Another
6323 - Personality p1
6323 - Personality p2
6323 - Possessory Liens
6323 - Prior Law p1
6323 - Prior Lien of Attorney
6323 - Prior Lien of U.S. p1
6323 - Prior Lien of U.S. p2
6323 - Priority over Attachment Lien p1
6323 - Priority over Attachment Lien p2
6323 - Priority over Chattel Mortgages
6323 - Priority over Landlord's Lien
6323 - Priority Recorded Mortgage p1
6323 - Priority Recorded Mortgage p2
6323 - Priority Recorded Mortgage p3
6323 - Property Subject to Lien p1
6323 - Property Subject to Lien p2
6323 - Property Subject to Lien p3
6323 - Protection of Property
6323 - Purchaser p1
6323 - Purchaser p2
6323 - Purchaser p3
6323 - Purchaser p4
6323 - Purchaser p5
6323 - Purchaser p6
6323 - Purchaser p7
6323 - Purchasers Entitled to Notice
6323 - Receivership Expenses
6323 - Recordation of Interest p1
6323 - Recordation of Interest p2
6323 - Recordation of Interest p3
6323 - Recordation of Interest p4
6323 - Recordation of Interest p5
6323 - Refiling
6323 - Release by Other Creditors
6323 - Remanded Cases
6323 - Res Judicata p1
6323 - Res Judicata p2
6323 - Revival of Judgment
6323 - Rhode Island
6323 - Rhode Island2
6323 - Seamen
6323 - Security Interest p1
6323 - Set-Off p1
6323 - Set-Off p2
6323 - Set-Off p3
6323 - Set-Off p4
6323 - Sheriff's Clerk